In Lisa Cartwright’s (1995) chapter “Science and the Cinema,” she writes, “The cinema’s emergence cannot be properly conceived without acknowledging the fascination with visibility that marked the preceding decades of nineteenth-century Western science” (7, emphasis mine).

In 150 words, describe Cartwright’s argument about the prehistory of cinema and its relationship to scientific experimentation, citing one example of a scientific apparatus/tool and how it prefigured the cinema yet to come

Anne Friedberg (1994) describes how theories of the “observer” in modernity changed the way that the mobile spectator moved through public space.

In 150 words, briefly summarize Friedberg’s argument, describing 2 technological inventions of modernity (there are several she discusses in her chapter) that created a mobile and virtual vision of the spectator.