Question: By using examples of how various oncogenes function, compare and contrast the molecular pathologies of chronic and acute myeloid leukaemias respectively.

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By using examples of how various oncogenes function, compare and contrast the molecular pathologies of chronic and acute myeloid leukaemias respectively.

There are two main types of myeloid leukaemia, chronic and acute. The major difference between them is the rate at which the cancer progresses. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a slow-growing cancer that can often be controlled with treatment. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a fast-growing cancer that is usually more difficult to treat.

Describe in detail how stem cells decline in function during aging.

As people age, their stem cells gradually lose the ability to divide and give rise to new tissue. This process is known as "stem cell aging."

There are several theories about why stem cells age. One theory suggests that stem cells simply wear out over time. Another theory suggests that the aging of stem cells is due to changes in the environment around them, such as a declining supply of nutrients or exposure to damaging substances.

Whatever the cause, stem cell aging leads to a decline in the ability of stem cells to regenerate damaged tissue. This can result in an increased risk of disease and disability as we age.

There are some things that can be done to slow down the aging of stem cells. For example, maintaining a healthy lifestyle (including a healthy diet and regular exercise) can help keep stem cells healthy. Additionally, there are some experimental treatments that may help to rejuvenate aging stem cells. However, more research is needed in this area before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

In summary, stem cell aging is a natural process that occurs over time. This process can lead to a decline in the ability of stem cells to regenerate damaged tissue, which can increase the risk of disease and disability as we age. There are some things that can be done to slow down the aging of stem cells, but more research is needed in this area.

One way that chronic and acute myeloid leukaemias differ is in the type of oncogene that is most often associated with each disease. In CML, the BCR-ABL oncogene is present in almost all cases. This oncogene leads to the overproduction of a protein called BCR-ABL, which causes the cancer cells to grow and divide out of control. In AML, there are a number of different oncogenes that can be involved, but the most common is the FLT3 oncogene. This oncogene leads to the overproduction of a protein called FLT3, which also causes cancer cells to grow and divide out of control.

Another way that chronic and acute myeloid leukaemias differ is in the way that the cancer cells look under a microscope. Cancer cells from CML are typically larger than normal blood cells and have more DNA than normal cells. Cancer cells from AML tend to be smaller than normal blood cells and have less DNA than normal cells .............