Question: Describe how authorship of scholarly works has changed over the past 20 years.

Authorship has been a significant aspect of scholarly works for centuries. It is the practice of identifying individuals who have made a significant contribution to the creation of a scholarly work. The traditional definition of an author was someone who created an original idea and then put it down in writing. However, the definition of authorship has evolved over the past two decades due to technological advancements, changing research practices, and emerging ethical considerations. This paper aims to describe how authorship of scholarly works has changed over the past 20 years, the possible further evolution of authorship, and how this could impact upon the work of the information professional.

Changes in Authorship of Scholarly Works over the Past 20 Years

Over the past 20 years, several changes have occurred in the authorship of scholarly works. Some of these changes are as follows:

1. Multidisciplinary Collaboration

Scholarly works have become more multidisciplinary, leading to increased collaboration among researchers from different fields. As a result, authorship has become more complex, with several individuals contributing to the creation of a single scholarly work. In multidisciplinary collaborations, the contribution of each author is often distinct and complementary, and it is crucial to acknowledge each person's contribution to the work.

2. Emergence of Digital Scholarship

The emergence of digital scholarship has brought about new forms of scholarly communication, such as blogs, social media, and online discussion forums. These digital platforms have enabled individuals to contribute to scholarly works in new ways, often without formal recognition as authors. For example, a blog post or tweet may contribute to the development of a scholarly idea, but the contributor may not be acknowledged as an author.

3. Increasing Complexity of Scholarly Works

Scholarly works have become more complex, requiring contributions from individuals with different expertise and skills. For example, a research paper may require input from statisticians, computer programmers, and graphic designers. In such cases, authorship becomes more complex, and it is crucial to acknowledge each person's contribution to the work.

4. Changing Research Practices

Research practices have changed over the past 20 years, leading to changes in authorship. For example, the use of large-scale data sets and statistical models has become more common in research, leading to the emergence of the concept of data authorship. Data authorship recognizes individuals who have collected, processed, or analyzed data, even if they are not directly involved in the writing of the paper.

5. Increasing Attention to Ethical Considerations

There has been increasing attention to ethical considerations in scholarly works, leading to changes in authorship practices. For example, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has established criteria for authorship that emphasize the need for authors to have contributed substantially to the work and be accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work. Additionally, some journals now require authors to disclose their contributions to the work, including the roles played by individuals who are not listed as authors.

Possible Further Evolution of Authorship

Authorship is likely to continue evolving in the coming years due to several factors, including technological advancements, changing research practices, and emerging ethical considerations. Some of the possible further evolution of authorship is as follows:

1. Blockchain-Based Authorship

Blockchain technology could be used to revolutionize authorship by providing a secure and transparent method of attributing credit to individuals who have contributed to a scholarly work. Blockchain-based authorship would enable individuals to track the contributions of each author, making it easier to attribute credit to each person and prevent disputes over authorship.

2. Recognition of Contributions from Automated Systems

Automated systems such as artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly being used in scholarly works, leading to the emergence of the concept of AI authorship. AI authorship recognizes the contribution of automated systems to scholarly works, but I think I should clarify that AI authorship refers to the contribution of automated systems to scholarly works rather than recognizing them as authors. Therefore, the authorship will still be attributed to human beings who programmed the AI system and/or supervised the automated processes.

3. Increased Focus on Open Science

Open science, which involves the sharing of research data, tools, and publications, is likely to impact authorship practices in the future. Open science promotes the idea that research should be accessible to everyone and should be conducted transparently. As a result, authorship practices may become more inclusive, with a greater emphasis on recognizing the contributions of individuals who are not traditionally recognized as authors, such as data curators, software developers, and project managers.

4. Expansion of Post-Publication Peer Review

Post-publication peer review, which involves the evaluation of scholarly works after they have been published, is becoming more popular due to the increasing use of digital platforms for scholarly communication. Post-publication peer review enables individuals to provide feedback on published works, including suggestions for improvements or corrections. As a result, authorship may become more fluid, with contributions recognized over time as feedback is received.

Impact of Changes in Authorship on the Work of Information Professionals

Changes in authorship practices are likely to impact the work of information professionals in several ways. Some of these impacts are as follows:

1. Ensuring Accurate Attribution of Credit

Information professionals have a crucial role to play in ensuring that credit is accurately attributed to individuals who have contributed to scholarly works. As authorship becomes more complex, information professionals must have a clear understanding of the roles played by each author and be able to accurately record these contributions.

2. Facilitating Collaboration and Multidisciplinary Research

As scholarly works become more multidisciplinary, information professionals must be able to facilitate collaboration among researchers from different fields. Information professionals can help connect researchers with individuals who have complementary skills and expertise, enabling them to work together more effectively.

3. Promoting Ethical Authorship Practices

Information professionals can promote ethical authorship practices by educating researchers on the importance of acknowledging the contributions of all individuals involved in the creation of a scholarly work. They can also provide guidance on how to comply with journal requirements for authorship, such as disclosing contributions and ensuring that authors meet established criteria for authorship.

4. Supporting Open Science Initiatives

As open science becomes more popular, information professionals can play a key role in supporting the sharing of research data, tools, and publications. They can help researchers deposit their data in appropriate repositories, ensure that data is properly formatted and annotated, and provide guidance on how to share research findings with the broader community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, authorship of scholarly works has evolved over the past 20 years due to technological advancements, changing research practices, and emerging ethical considerations. The further evolution of authorship is likely to continue, with possible changes including the use of blockchain-based authorship, recognition of contributions from automated systems, increased focus on open science, and expansion of post-publication peer review. These changes are likely to impact the work of information professionals, who must ensure accurate attribution of credit, facilitate collaboration and multidisciplinary research, promote ethical authorship practices, and support open science initiatives. As authorship practices continue to evolve, it is essential that information professionals keep up-to-date with the latest developments and adapt their practices accordingly.