Section 1
Multiple choice question (12 points)
There are 12 questions in this section. Each question accounts for 1 point.
Please select “only one answer” among each question, and list down your answer in order (as below) for me.
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
1.Which perspective is typically adopted by a citizen-centric government?
(A) Inside-out
(B) Outside-in
(C) One-size-fits-all
(D) Top-down
2.Which practice is deemed beneficial for public service design in the digital age?
(A) Observing user needs
(B) Converting citizen insights into prototypes
(C) Conducting early tests with citizens
(D) All of the above
3.Which method is a potential approach to establish trusted AI in the public sector?
(A) Insisting on explainability
(B) Focusing on justifiability
(C) Promoting AI-human collaboration where suitable
(D) All of the above
4. Which one can best represent the feature of Web 1.0?
(A) DMV website provides information regarding how to renew driver’s license
(B) Citizens leave comments on the CDC Facebook page.
(C) Researchers use big data from DATA.GOV to generate new policy insight.
(D) A city manager replies to a citizen's comment on Twitter.
5. Which option is regarded as a fundamental enabler for implementing open government?
(A) Transparency (B) Collaboration (C) Accountability (D) Technology
6. Which one cannot reflect the typical characteristics of open government data (OGD)?
(A) Usage with restrictions
(B) Reusable format
(C) Machine-readable
(D) Nonperson-specific data
7. Which one is the AI application with the highest risk of ethical issues?
(A) Environmental authorities utilize the Internet of things (IoT) devices to monitor air and water quality.
(B) The JFK airport website has chatbot as a virtual AI assistant to give a quick
answer to Covid-19 questions.
(C) Criminal justice authorities adopt machine learning models to predict potential criminals or vulnerable victims.
(D) Public communicators use big data to assess public sentiment about policy issues.
8. If someone lacks opportunities of accessing to ICTs due to the insufficient telecommunication infrastructure, which concept can aptly describe this scenario?
(A) Web 3.0 (B) Digital divide (C) Information overload (D) Artificial intelligence
9. According to Lee & Lee (2019)’s framework for assessing transparency of government websites, which one is not the major indicator for measuring transparency of government websites?
(A) Open accessibility
(B) Types of information
(C) Citizen engagement
(D) Quality of information
10. Which one is not regarded as a good practice for protecting digital privacy and security?
(A) Using anonymization strategies such as aggregation of personal data and de-identification of personal data.
(B) Adopting advanced technology such as blockchain to enhance privacy and security of the data flow.
(C) Obtaining informed consent for the collection, release and sharing of citizens’ personal information.
(D) Maximizing the sharing and use of identifiable citizen data in digital government relationships.
11. A local government actively shares positive news on its Facebook page, such as “road quality in this Township is rated as the best among neighboring townships.” Which one is most likely the purpose of this posting?
(A) Information provision
(B) Input seeking
(C) Online dialogue
(D) Favorable presentation
12. Which one is not generally considered as the common feature of “big data”?
(A) Verification
(B) Volumes
(C) Variety
(D) Velocity
Section 2
Response question (8 points)
There are two questions in this section. Each question accounts for 4 points.
Question 1
Throughout this semester, we've learned that digital-era governments face numerous challenges. From these challenges, identify and explain the two you consider most critical. Why do you believe these challenges are particularly significant? Discuss potential strategies to mitigate each of these challenges. Support your answer with concrete examples or case studies discussed in the course. (4 points) (Word limit: 300-600 words)
Question 2
From the weekly topics covered in this course (such as data, open government, social media, digital divide, etc.), select the one that interests you most. Explain how the knowledge gained from this topic can benefit your current work or a potential future position. Write freely but be sure to reflect your understanding of the course material. (4 points) (Word limit: 300-600 words)
DRAFT / STUDY TIPS:
1: B (Outside-in)
2: D (All of the above)
3: D (All of the above)
4: A (DMV website provides information regarding how to renew driver’s license)
5: A (Transparency)
6: A (Usage with restrictions)
7: C (Criminal justice authorities adopt machine learning models to predict potential criminals or vulnerable victims)
8: B (Digital divide)
9: C (Citizen engagement)
10: D (Maximizing the sharing and use of identifiable citizen data in digital government relationships)
11: D (Favorable presentation)
12: A (Verification)
Question 1
Digital-era governments face several challenges, but two of the most critical are data privacy and security and digital divide.
1. Data Privacy and Security Governments collect vast amounts of sensitive data from citizens, making privacy breaches a significant risk. Cyberattacks can compromise personal, financial, and even national security information. The consequences of data breaches include loss of public trust, financial damage, and compromised policy effectiveness.
Why it is significant: A breach of sensitive government data can erode public trust and expose citizens to identity theft and fraud. An example is the 2015 U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) data breach, which exposed millions of personnel records.
Mitigation Strategies:
Adopt strong cybersecurity protocols, such as encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems.
Regular risk assessments to identify and address vulnerabilities.
Employee training programs to reduce human error, a common cause of breaches.
2. Digital Divide The digital divide refers to unequal access to digital technologies due to socioeconomic, geographic, or infrastructural barriers. Many communities lack access to broadband internet, making it difficult to participate in a digital society.
Why it is significant: Limited access to digital tools can result in economic and social exclusion. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, students in rural areas struggled with online learning due to inadequate internet access.
Mitigation Strategies:
Infrastructure investment in rural and underserved areas.
Public-private partnerships to reduce the cost of internet access.
Digital literacy programs to equip citizens with essential skills.
These two challenges, if left unaddressed, can hinder government effectiveness and reduce citizen trust in public services.
Question 2
The topic that interested me most during the course was Open Government Data (OGD). The idea of transparency and data sharing to promote public trust and innovation resonates deeply with me.
How It Benefits My Career: If I work in public policy or government administration, understanding OGD would help me advocate for more transparent practices. Publicly available datasets can guide evidence-based policy decisions, improve government accountability, and foster community engagement.
Real-World Applications: Consider how OGD has transformed services like public transportation. By sharing real-time transit data, cities enable developers to create navigation apps like Google Maps, enhancing citizen experience. Similarly, platforms like DATA.GOV allow researchers to access valuable datasets, driving new insights and policy improvements.
Lessons Learned: From this course, I’ve learned that successful OGD initiatives require more than just publishing data. They must ensure data is:
Accessible (easy to find and download),
Machine-readable (compatible with analytical tools), and
Regularly updated (maintaining relevance and reliability).
By applying these principles, I could help design data-sharing policies that balance transparency with privacy protection. This would be invaluable in roles related to policy development, research, or civic tech project management.
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