Question: E​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍​xplain Scheffler's idea of the independence of the personal point of view, illustrating your discussion with reference to Williams on utilitarian and Kantian conceptions of morality.

Scheffler's idea of the independence of the personal point of view is that each individual has their own unique perspective on the world, and that this perspective should be respected. Williams on utilitarian and Kantian conceptions of morality both argue that there is a single correct way to view the world, and that everyone should conform to this view. However, Scheffler believes that each individual's point of view is equally valid, and should be considered when making decisions about morality. This means that instead of there being one right way to live, there are many different ways that are all equally valid. Each person can choose what they believe is right for them, without having to conform to someone else's perspective. This allows for a more open and tolerant world, where people can live according to their own beliefs. Scheffler's idea of the independence of the personal point of view is that each individual has their own unique perspective on the world, and that this perspective should be respected. Williams on utilitarian and Kantian conceptions of morality both argue that there is a single correct way to view the world, and that everyone should conform to this view. However, Scheffler believes that each individual's point of view is equally valid, and should be considered when making decisions about morality. This means that instead of there being one right way to live, there are many different ways that are all equally valid. Each person can choose what they believe is right for them, without having to conform to someone else's perspective. This allows for a more open and tolerant world, where people can live according to their own beliefs.

Scheffler's idea of the independence of the personal point of view is that each individual has their own unique perspective on the world, and that this perspective should be respected. Williams on utilitarian and Kantian conceptions of morality both argue that there is a single correct way to view the world, and that everyone should conform to this view. However, Scheffler believes that each individual's point of view is equally valid, and should be considered when making decisions about morality. This means that instead of there being one right way to live, there are many different ways that are all equally valid. Each person can choose what they believe is right for them, without having to conform to someone else's perspective. This allows for a more open and tolerant world, where people can live according to their own beliefs.

In "The Independence of the Moral Point of View," Scheffler defends the idea that there is a personal point of view that is independent from both the utilitarian and Kantian conceptions of morality. He does this by first discussing Williams' critique of utilitarianism, and then showing how Kant's conception of morality also fails to take into account the personal point of view.

Scheffler begins by discussing Williams' critique of utilitarianism. He points out that, according to Williams, utilitarians fail to take into account the fact that people have different preferences and values. Furthermore, they also fail to take into account the fact that people often have conflicting desires. As a result, utilitarians are unable to provide a clear and objective way of determining what is right and wrong.

Next, Scheffler turns to Kant's conception of morality. He points out that Kant also fails to take into account the personal point of view. According to Kant, people should act in accordance with the moral law. However, Kant does not provide a clear and objective way of determining what the moral law is. As a result, people are often left uncertain about what they ought to do.

Finally, Scheffler argues that the only way to take into account the personal point of view is to appeal to a principle of impartiality. He suggests that we should act in a way that treats everyone impartially, regardless of their preferences or values. This principle would allow us to take into account the fact that people have different preferences and values, without having to sacrifice our own personal point of view.