Question: Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____. a. culture; society b. genetics; environment c. environment; genetics d. biology; physics
01 Dec 2022,5:04 PM
1. Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.
|
a.
|
culture; society
|
|
b.
|
genetics; environment
|
|
c.
|
environment; genetics
|
|
d.
|
biology; physics
|
2. What percent contribution does the father make to a child’s genetic instructions?
|
a.
|
depends if the instructions are for behavior or biological functioning
|
|
b.
|
depends on age of father
|
|
c.
|
50%
|
|
d.
|
75% for male children; 25% for female children
|
3. If two ova are released and fertilized, what will be the result?
|
a.
|
identical twins
|
|
b.
|
fraternal twins
|
|
c.
|
a baby with Down syndrome
|
|
d.
|
a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome
|
4. Newborns have a preference for ____ tasting things.
|
a.
|
cool/acidic
|
|
b.
|
sour
|
|
c.
|
sweet/salty
|
|
d.
|
bitter/cool
|
5. By six months of age, the child should be able to do all of the following except:
|
a.
|
see as well as an adult
|
|
b.
|
hesitate when they reach the clear glass dropoff on the visual cliff
|
|
c.
|
develop depth perception
|
|
d.
|
make all the sounds necessary in their language
|
6. Development occurs in a sequential and orderly fashion because of a genetic plan called:
|
a.
|
proximodistal
|
|
b.
|
cephalocaudal
|
|
c.
|
maturation
|
|
d.
|
norms for development
|
7. The term temperament refers to:
|
a.
|
contrary behavior that is typical of the “terrible twos”
|
|
b.
|
emotional characteristics that are largely influenced by environmental factors
|
|
c.
|
relatively stable individual differences in mood and emotional behavior
|
|
d.
|
the formal name in psychology for childhood temper tantrums
|
8. What behavior can a newborn perform that triggers care and sympathy from the parent?
|
a.
|
eye contact
|
|
b.
|
first words
|
|
c.
|
Crying
|
|
d.
|
Smiling
|
9. With regard to attachment, which statement is true?
|
a.
|
Insecurely attached infants explore their environments more freely.
|
|
b.
|
Secure attachment is associated with poor relationships.
|
|
c.
|
Secure attachment is associated with mother’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the infant.
|
|
d.
|
Attachment appears to have no significant long-term effects.
|
10. What is the best reason why attachment in infancy is important for later life?
|
a.
|
It is related to the level of cognitive development seen in adulthood.
|
|
b.
|
It is related to the probability of mental disorders in adulthood.
|
|
c.
|
The type attachment seen in infancy is associated with the types of attachment the person has as an adult.
|
|
d.
|
Attachment in infancy influences physical development.
|
11. A group of children are initially interviewed at age 7 and then reinterviewed every 7 years until age 28. This is the ____ type of study.
|
a.
|
multilevel
|
|
b.
|
cross-sectional
|
|
c.
|
repetitional
|
|
d.
|
longitudinal
|
12 . Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n):
|
a.
|
uncivilized and unregulated individual
|
|
b.
|
bucket holding knowledge and wisdom
|
|
c.
|
tiny scientist making hypotheses about how the world works
|
|
d.
|
computer attempting to solve problems
|
13. The concept of object permanence develops during the ____ stage.
|
a.
|
sensorimotor
|
|
b.
|
preoperational
|
|
c.
|
concrete operations
|
|
d.
|
formal operations
|
14. Watching juice poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow glass, the child cries, “I want [the tall] glass!” thus illustrating the problem of:
|
a.
|
object permanence
|
|
b.
|
egocentric thinking
|
|
c.
|
classification
|
|
d.
|
conservation
|
15. Lisa asks her 9-year-old daughter Erica the following hypothetical question: “How would the world change if people woke up tomorrow and discovered they could fly?” Erica immediately responded: “But people can’t fly!” Erica’s answer indicates that she has not reached the stage of:
|
a.
|
Conservation
|
|
b.
|
Preoperations
|
|
c.
|
concrete operations
|
|
d.
|
formal operations
|
16 Memory is best described as:
|
a.
|
a video camera making an exact copy of what it sees
|
|
b.
|
an artist drawing her subjective impressions of a landscape
|
|
c.
|
a tape recorder recording all the stimuli in the environment
|
|
d.
|
a printer printing everything in a computer file
|
17. The three processes of memory are:
|
a.
|
encode, imitate, retrieve
|
|
b.
|
attention, encode, feedback
|
|
c.
|
encode, retrieve, motivate
|
|
d.
|
encode, store, retrieve
|
18. The word that best describes encoding is:
|
a.
|
Output
|
|
b.
|
Input
|
|
c.
|
Recall
|
|
d.
|
Reorder
|
19. Remembering is getting information out of storage. The term ____ refers to the same process.
|
a.
|
encoding
|
|
b.
|
retrieval
|
|
c.
|
storage
|
|
d.
|
recording
|
20. If you pay no attention to the information currently in your sensory memory, that information will:
|
a.
|
be transferred to short-term memory
|
|
b.
|
stay in sensory memory until it is needed
|
|
c.
|
Disappear
|
|
d.
|
be transferred to long-term memory
|
21. You are writing an article about short-term memory for the local newspaper. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the article?
|
a.
|
Unlimited Storage in Short-Term Memory
|
|
b.
|
Short-Term Memory: Holding Seven Items
|
|
c.
|
Processing Information from the Senses: Short-Term Memory
|
|
d.
|
Iconic Memory In Short-Term Memory
|
22. Of the following, which is not a feature of sensory memory?
|
a.
|
maintaining visual images despite interruptions caused by blinking
|
|
b.
|
recognizing words by momentarily holding strings of speech sounds so that related sounds can be grouped as words
|
|
c.
|
limiting sensory input
|
|
d.
|
facilitating permanent storage through the process of chunking
|
23. Which of the following pairs accurately describes the two central characteristics of short-term memory?
|
a.
|
limited duration, limited capacity
|
|
b.
|
limited duration, unlimited capacity
|
|
c.
|
unlimited duration, unlimited capacity
|
|
d.
|
unlimited duration, limited capacity
|
24. Brian is driving to Candy’s house for the first time. As he drives, he repeats to himself the directions she has given him. “Highway 8 ‘til Lincoln, left on Lincoln, go to the second light and make another left.” Brian is engaging in:
|
a.
|
free recall
|
|
b.
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
|
c.
|
eidetic imagery
|
|
d.
|
chunking
|
25. Short-term memory performs three functions. Which of the following is not among the three functions?
|
a.
|
holds information for a short period of time
|
|
b.
|
promotes storage in long-term memory
|
|
c.
|
selectively attends to information that is relevant
|
|
d.
|
provides a location for network nodes
|
26. The ability to recall items at the beginning of a list more easily than the following items is the result of the ____ effect.
|
a.
|
attentional
|
|
b.
|
ordering
|
|
c.
|
primacy
|
|
d.
|
recency
|
27. On an exam, a student is asked to describe the three branches of government. The student must retrieve:
|
a.
|
procedural knowledge
|
|
b.
|
episodic knowledge
|
|
c.
|
semantic knowledge
|
|
d.
|
hierarchical knowledge
|
28. Knowledge of facts and events is called ____ memory.
|
a.
|
Nondeclarative
|
|
b.
|
Procedural
|
|
c.
|
Declarative
|
|
d.
|
Episodic
|
29. What type of memory did the patient known as H. M. retain despite losing the ability to remember events?
|
a.
|
Declarative
|
|
b.
|
Procedural
|
|
c.
|
Elaborative
|
|
d.
|
Explicit
|
30. Effective studying is an example of:
|
a.
|
automatic encoding
|
|
b.
|
effortful encoding
|
|
c.
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
|
d.
|
chunking
|
31. When we are motivated, we typically show three characteristics. Which of the following is not one of the three characteristics?
|
a.
|
energized to do something
|
|
b.
|
directed to reach a specific goal
|
|
c.
|
different intensities of feelings about reaching a specific goal
|
|
d.
|
increased arousal after reaching a specific goal
|
32. An inborn biological force that determines behavior is the definition of:
|
a.
|
motivation
|
|
b.
|
emotion
|
|
c.
|
drive
|
|
d.
|
instinct
|
33. An incentive is ____, whereas needs are ____.
|
a.
|
external; internal
|
|
b.
|
a fixed action pattern; instinctual
|
|
c.
|
a biological need; social needs
|
|
d.
|
a safety need; self-actualization needs
|
34. It is believed that some people become anorexic because they feel that they cannot control anything but their weight and eating behavior. Which motivational theory would best explain this behavior?
|
a.
|
cognitive theory
|
|
b.
|
instinct theory
|
|
c.
|
drive-reduction
|
|
d.
|
social needs
|
35. Social needs are acquired through:
|
a.
|
Heredity
|
|
b.
|
homeostatic mechanisms
|
|
c.
|
peripheral cues
|
|
d.
|
learning and experience
|
36. Understanding how people decide which needs to satisfy first is the goal of:
|
a.
|
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
|
|
b.
|
peripheral cues
|
|
c.
|
drive-reduction theory
|
|
d.
|
the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
|
37. “I am a member of the college’s chess club and we often get together and talk about life and chess. My best friends are also members.” This best illustrates what Maslow called:
|
a.
|
safety needs
|
|
b.
|
esteem needs
|
|
c.
|
belongingness needs
|
|
d.
|
self-actualization
|
38. The two primary reasons for being overweight are:
|
a.
|
eating more food than needed and social support for being overweight
|
|
b.
|
eating more food than needed and genetic predisposition
|
|
c.
|
eating more food than needed and lack of exercise
|
|
d.
|
eating foods with high fat content and genetic predisposition
|
39. The master control for eating is:
|
a.
|
stomach
|
|
b.
|
liver
|
|
c.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
d.
|
thalamus
|
40. What effect have cultural pressures regarding hunger had on women?
|
a.
|
women are less likely to overestimate their weight
|
|
b.
|
women are more likely to eat high calorie foods
|
|
c.
|
women are more likely to be concerned with their weight
|
|
d.
|
women are less likely to be concerned with their weight
|
41. The sexual motivation of animals is almost totally regulated by:
|
a.
|
social-cultural factors
|
|
b.
|
genetic and biological factors
|
|
c.
|
the four stages of sexual response
|
|
d.
|
the hypothalamus
|
42. What determines the sex of an individual?
|
a.
|
the egg
|
|
b.
|
the number of zygotes
|
|
c.
|
the interaction between the sex chromosome and the prenatal environment
|
|
d.
|
the sex chromosomes
|
43. During the fifth week of prenatal development, if there is testosterone, the developing child will be ____, but if there is a lack of it the child will be ____.
|
a.
|
male; female
|
|
b.
|
female; male
|
|
c.
|
red-green colorblind; blue-green colorblind
|
|
d.
|
heterosexual; homosexual
|
44. Your subjective experience and feelings of being either a male or a female is called:
|
a.
|
sexual acceptance schema
|
|
b.
|
gender identity
|
|
c.
|
gender role
|
|
d.
|
sex roles
|
45. When we learn traditional behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that our society regards as masculine or feminine, we have acquired:
|
a.
|
gender identities
|
|
b.
|
gender roles
|
|
c.
|
gender labels
|
|
d.
|
gender markers
|
46. What is the main focus in the study of personality?
|
a.
|
traits
|
|
b.
|
id, ego, and superego
|
|
c.
|
unconscious conflicts and self-actualization
|
|
d.
|
behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions
|
47. What do theories of personality do?
|
a.
|
They tell us how early childhood experiences affect our personality.
|
|
b.
|
Theories of personality just describe why we are the way we are.
|
|
c.
|
Theories attempt to describe and explain how personality develops and why personalities differ.
|
|
d.
|
They inform us of ways to modify personality.
|
48. Which group of words is most appropriate for the psychodynamic theory of Freud?
|
a.
|
unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict
|
|
b.
|
potential, growth, freedom, self-actualization
|
|
c.
|
cognitive, behavior, environment, locus of control
|
|
d.
|
traits, factor analysis, the Big Five, consistency
|
49. What concepts did Freud use to explain things we say or do that we cannot explain or understand?
|
a.
|
Freudian slips and fixation
|
|
b.
|
unconscious forces and unconscious motivation
|
|
c.
|
conscious forces and fixation
|
|
d.
|
free association and unconscious motivation
|
50. “Once I said, ‘I need to go to the mall to buy sex shirts...I mean six shirts.’” What would Freud say about this?
|
a.
|
The manifest content suggests depression.
|
|
b.
|
The slip of the tongue reflects manifest content of dreams.
|
|
c.
|
The slip of the tongue reflects unconscious desires.
|
|
d.
|
Cognitive processing errors suggest that memories are stored in adjacent areas of the brain.
|
51. Which division of the mind would say, “I can do anything I want to do”?
|
a.
|
ego
|
|
b.
|
real self
|
|
c.
|
superego
|
|
d.
|
id
|
52. According to Freud, the human mind develops in which of the following sequences?
|
a.
|
id, ego, superego
|
|
b.
|
superego, ego, id
|
|
c.
|
ego, id, superego
|
|
d.
|
superego, id, ego
|
53. A student who blames poor test performance on “tricky questions”—rather than admit to poor preparation—is using the defense mechanism of:
|
a.
|
compensation
|
|
b.
|
denial
|
|
c.
|
projection
|
|
d.
|
rationalization
|
54. In order to alleviate anxiety caused by a desire to be sexually promiscuous with women, John decides to become a priest. Freud would say that John has used the defense mechanism of:
|
a.
|
Projection
|
|
b.
|
reaction formation
|
|
c.
|
Displacement
|
|
d.
|
Rationalization
|
55. The capacity for growth, the development of our maximum potential, and the freedom to choose our destiny are all characteristic of:
|
a.
|
psychoanalytic theories
|
|
b.
|
cognitive theories
|
|
c.
|
humanistic theories
|
|
d.
|
social cognitive theories
|
56. Which individual best exemplifies the idea of self-actualization?
|
a.
|
Mary—she feels as if her talents are going to be wasted in life
|
|
b.
|
Larry—he wants to own his business but is unwilling to take the risk
|
|
c.
|
Gary—he fulfilled his dreams of being an educator and now can retire knowing that he put all of his skills and talents to use
|
|
d.
|
Terry—he sees himself moving up the ladder in his position at the factory
|
57. Maslow believed that everyone is motivated by:
|
a.
|
sexual desires
|
|
b.
|
aggressive tendencies
|
|
c.
|
a self-actualizing tendency
|
|
d.
|
personality traits
|
58. According to Carl Rogers, the characteristics you see yourself as having constitute the:
|
a.
|
self
|
|
b.
|
ego
|
|
c.
|
id
|
|
d.
|
cognitive whole
|
59. What would Rogers say to the notion of allowing hospital patients to have their pets visit them?
|
a.
|
He would support it since pets can help patients deal with maladaptive defense mechanisms.
|
|
b.
|
It is a good idea since pets can provide positive regard.
|
|
c.
|
No. Pets are unclean.
|
|
d.
|
Rogers would not support it since he would argue that pets would stress the superego and cause conflict with the ego.
|
60. In what way do the humanistic theories of personality differ from almost every other theory?
|
a.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are basically good.
|
|
b.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are basically bad.
|
|
c.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are governed by their unconscious mind.
|
|
d.
|
People are motivated to get as much pleasure as they possibly can.
|
Expert answer
Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.
|
a.
|
culture; society
|
|
b.
|
genetics; environment
|
|
c.
|
environment; genetics
|
|
d.
|
biology; physics
|
1. Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.
|
a.
|
culture; society
|
|
b.
|
genetics; environment
|
|
c.
|
environment; genetics
|
|
d.
|
biology; physics
|
2. What percent contribution does the father make to a child’s genetic instructions?
|
a.
|
depends if the instructions are for behavior or biological functioning
|
|
b.
|
depends on age of father
|
|
c.
|
50%
|
|
d.
|
75% for male children; 25% for female children
|
3. If two ova are released and fertilized, what will be the result?
|
a.
|
identical twins
|
|
b.
|
fraternal twins
|
|
c.
|
a baby with Down syndrome
|
|
d.
|
a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome
|
4. Newborns have a preference for ____ tasting things.
|
a.
|
cool/acidic
|
|
b.
|
sour
|
|
c.
|
sweet/salty
|
|
d.
|
bitter/cool
|
5. By six months of age, the child should be able to do all of the following except:
|
a.
|
see as well as an adult
|
|
b.
|
hesitate when they reach the clear glass dropoff on the visual cliff
|
|
c.
|
develop depth perception
|
|
d.
|
make all the sounds necessary in their language
|
6. Development occurs in a sequential and orderly fashion because of a genetic plan called:
|
a.
|
proximodistal
|
|
b.
|
cephalocaudal
|
|
c.
|
maturation
|
|
d.
|
norms for development
|
7. The term temperament refers to:
|
a.
|
contrary behavior that is typical of the “terrible twos”
|
|
b.
|
emotional characteristics that are largely influenced by environmental factors
|
|
c.
|
relatively stable individual differences in mood and emotional behavior
|
|
d.
|
the formal name in psychology for childhood temper tantrums
|
8. What behavior can a newborn perform that triggers care and sympathy from the parent?
|
a.
|
eye contact
|
|
b.
|
first words
|
|
c.
|
Crying
|
|
d.
|
Smiling
|
9. With regard to attachment, which statement is true?
|
a.
|
Insecurely attached infants explore their environments more freely.
|
|
b.
|
Secure attachment is associated with poor relationships.
|
|
c.
|
Secure attachment is associated with mother’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the infant.
|
|
d.
|
Attachment appears to have no significant long-term effects.
|
10. What is the best reason why attachment in infancy is important for later life?
|
a.
|
It is related to the level of cognitive development seen in adulthood.
|
|
b.
|
It is related to the probability of mental disorders in adulthood.
|
|
c.
|
The type attachment seen in infancy is associated with the types of attachment the person has as an adult.
|
|
d.
|
Attachment in infancy influences physical development.
|
11. A group of children are initially interviewed at age 7 and then reinterviewed every 7 years until age 28. This is the ____ type of study.
|
a.
|
multilevel
|
|
b.
|
cross-sectional
|
|
c.
|
repetitional
|
|
d.
|
longitudinal
|
12 . Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n):
|
a.
|
uncivilized and unregulated individual
|
|
b.
|
bucket holding knowledge and wisdom
|
|
c.
|
tiny scientist making hypotheses about how the world works
|
|
d.
|
computer attempting to solve problems
|
13. The concept of object permanence develops during the ____ stage.
|
a.
|
sensorimotor
|
|
b.
|
preoperational
|
|
c.
|
concrete operations
|
|
d.
|
formal operations
|
14. Watching juice poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow glass, the child cries, “I want [the tall] glass!” thus illustrating the problem of:
|
a.
|
object permanence
|
|
b.
|
egocentric thinking
|
|
c.
|
classification
|
|
d.
|
conservation
|
15. Lisa asks her 9-year-old daughter Erica the following hypothetical question: “How would the world change if people woke up tomorrow and discovered they could fly?” Erica immediately responded: “But people can’t fly!” Erica’s answer indicates that she has not reached the stage of:
|
a.
|
Conservation
|
|
b.
|
Preoperations
|
|
c.
|
concrete operations
|
|
d.
|
formal operations
|
16 Memory is best described as:
|
a.
|
a video camera making an exact copy of what it sees
|
|
b.
|
an artist drawing her subjective impressions of a landscape
|
|
c.
|
a tape recorder recording all the stimuli in the environment
|
|
d.
|
a printer printing everything in a computer file
|
17. The three processes of memory are:
|
a.
|
encode, imitate, retrieve
|
|
b.
|
attention, encode, feedback
|
|
c.
|
encode, retrieve, motivate
|
|
d.
|
encode, store, retrieve
|
18. The word that best describes encoding is:
|
a.
|
Output
|
|
b.
|
Input
|
|
c.
|
Recall
|
|
d.
|
Reorder
|
19. Remembering is getting information out of storage. The term ____ refers to the same process.
|
a.
|
encoding
|
|
b.
|
retrieval
|
|
c.
|
storage
|
|
d.
|
recording
|
20. If you pay no attention to the information currently in your sensory memory, that information will:
|
a.
|
be transferred to short-term memory
|
|
b.
|
stay in sensory memory until it is needed
|
|
c.
|
Disappear
|
|
d.
|
be transferred to long-term memory
|
21. You are writing an article about short-term memory for the local newspaper. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the article?
|
a.
|
Unlimited Storage in Short-Term Memory
|
|
b.
|
Short-Term Memory: Holding Seven Items
|
|
c.
|
Processing Information from the Senses: Short-Term Memory
|
|
d.
|
Iconic Memory In Short-Term Memory
|
22. Of the following, which is not a feature of sensory memory?
|
a.
|
maintaining visual images despite interruptions caused by blinking
|
|
b.
|
recognizing words by momentarily holding strings of speech sounds so that related sounds can be grouped as words
|
|
c.
|
limiting sensory input
|
|
d.
|
facilitating permanent storage through the process of chunking
|
23. Which of the following pairs accurately describes the two central characteristics of short-term memory?
|
a.
|
limited duration, limited capacity
|
|
b.
|
limited duration, unlimited capacity
|
|
c.
|
unlimited duration, unlimited capacity
|
|
d.
|
unlimited duration, limited capacity
|
24. Brian is driving to Candy’s house for the first time. As he drives, he repeats to himself the directions she has given him. “Highway 8 ‘til Lincoln, left on Lincoln, go to the second light and make another left.” Brian is engaging in:
|
a.
|
free recall
|
|
b.
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
|
c.
|
eidetic imagery
|
|
d.
|
chunking
|
25. Short-term memory performs three functions. Which of the following is not among the three functions?
|
a.
|
holds information for a short period of time
|
|
b.
|
promotes storage in long-term memory
|
|
c.
|
selectively attends to information that is relevant
|
|
d.
|
provides a location for network nodes
|
26. The ability to recall items at the beginning of a list more easily than the following items is the result of the ____ effect.
|
a.
|
attentional
|
|
b.
|
ordering
|
|
c.
|
primacy
|
|
d.
|
recency
|
27. On an exam, a student is asked to describe the three branches of government. The student must retrieve:
|
a.
|
procedural knowledge
|
|
b.
|
episodic knowledge
|
|
c.
|
semantic knowledge
|
|
d.
|
hierarchical knowledge
|
28. Knowledge of facts and events is called ____ memory.
|
a.
|
Nondeclarative
|
|
b.
|
Procedural
|
|
c.
|
Declarative
|
|
d.
|
Episodic
|
29. What type of memory did the patient known as H. M. retain despite losing the ability to remember events?
|
a.
|
Declarative
|
|
b.
|
Procedural
|
|
c.
|
Elaborative
|
|
d.
|
Explicit
|
30. Effective studying is an example of:
|
a.
|
automatic encoding
|
|
b.
|
effortful encoding
|
|
c.
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
|
d.
|
chunking
|
31. When we are motivated, we typically show three characteristics. Which of the following is not one of the three characteristics?
|
a.
|
energized to do something
|
|
b.
|
directed to reach a specific goal
|
|
c.
|
different intensities of feelings about reaching a specific goal
|
|
d.
|
increased arousal after reaching a specific goal
|
32. An inborn biological force that determines behavior is the definition of:
|
a.
|
motivation
|
|
b.
|
emotion
|
|
c.
|
drive
|
|
d.
|
instinct
|
33. An incentive is ____, whereas needs are ____.
|
a.
|
external; internal
|
|
b.
|
a fixed action pattern; instinctual
|
|
c.
|
a biological need; social needs
|
|
d.
|
a safety need; self-actualization needs
|
34. It is believed that some people become anorexic because they feel that they cannot control anything but their weight and eating behavior. Which motivational theory would best explain this behavior?
|
a.
|
cognitive theory
|
|
b.
|
instinct theory
|
|
c.
|
drive-reduction
|
|
d.
|
social needs
|
35. Social needs are acquired through:
|
a.
|
Heredity
|
|
b.
|
homeostatic mechanisms
|
|
c.
|
peripheral cues
|
|
d.
|
learning and experience
|
36. Understanding how people decide which needs to satisfy first is the goal of:
|
a.
|
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
|
|
b.
|
peripheral cues
|
|
c.
|
drive-reduction theory
|
|
d.
|
the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
|
37. “I am a member of the college’s chess club and we often get together and talk about life and chess. My best friends are also members.” This best illustrates what Maslow called:
|
a.
|
safety needs
|
|
b.
|
esteem needs
|
|
c.
|
belongingness needs
|
|
d.
|
self-actualization
|
38. The two primary reasons for being overweight are:
|
a.
|
eating more food than needed and social support for being overweight
|
|
b.
|
eating more food than needed and genetic predisposition
|
|
c.
|
eating more food than needed and lack of exercise
|
|
d.
|
eating foods with high fat content and genetic predisposition
|
39. The master control for eating is:
|
a.
|
stomach
|
|
b.
|
liver
|
|
c.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
d.
|
thalamus
|
40. What effect have cultural pressures regarding hunger had on women?
|
a.
|
women are less likely to overestimate their weight
|
|
b.
|
women are more likely to eat high calorie foods
|
|
c.
|
women are more likely to be concerned with their weight
|
|
d.
|
women are less likely to be concerned with their weight
|
41. The sexual motivation of animals is almost totally regulated by:
|
a.
|
social-cultural factors
|
|
b.
|
genetic and biological factors
|
|
c.
|
the four stages of sexual response
|
|
d.
|
the hypothalamus
|
42. What determines the sex of an individual?
|
a.
|
the egg
|
|
b.
|
the number of zygotes
|
|
c.
|
the interaction between the sex chromosome and the prenatal environment
|
|
d.
|
the sex chromosomes
|
43. During the fifth week of prenatal development, if there is testosterone, the developing child will be ____, but if there is a lack of it the child will be ____.
|
a.
|
male; female
|
|
b.
|
female; male
|
|
c.
|
red-green colorblind; blue-green colorblind
|
|
d.
|
heterosexual; homosexual
|
44. Your subjective experience and feelings of being either a male or a female is called:
|
a.
|
sexual acceptance schema
|
|
b.
|
gender identity
|
|
c.
|
gender role
|
|
d.
|
sex roles
|
45. When we learn traditional behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that our society regards as masculine or feminine, we have acquired:
|
a.
|
gender identities
|
|
b.
|
gender roles
|
|
c.
|
gender labels
|
|
d.
|
gender markers
|
46. What is the main focus in the study of personality?
|
a.
|
traits
|
|
b.
|
id, ego, and superego
|
|
c.
|
unconscious conflicts and self-actualization
|
|
d.
|
behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions
|
47. What do theories of personality do?
|
a.
|
They tell us how early childhood experiences affect our personality.
|
|
b.
|
Theories of personality just describe why we are the way we are.
|
|
c.
|
Theories attempt to describe and explain how personality develops and why personalities differ.
|
|
d.
|
They inform us of ways to modify personality.
|
48. Which group of words is most appropriate for the psychodynamic theory of Freud?
|
a.
|
unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict
|
|
b.
|
potential, growth, freedom, self-actualization
|
|
c.
|
cognitive, behavior, environment, locus of control
|
|
d.
|
traits, factor analysis, the Big Five, consistency
|
49. What concepts did Freud use to explain things we say or do that we cannot explain or understand?
|
a.
|
Freudian slips and fixation
|
|
b.
|
unconscious forces and unconscious motivation
|
|
c.
|
conscious forces and fixation
|
|
d.
|
free association and unconscious motivation
|
50. “Once I said, ‘I need to go to the mall to buy sex shirts...I mean six shirts.’” What would Freud say about this?
|
a.
|
The manifest content suggests depression.
|
|
b.
|
The slip of the tongue reflects manifest content of dreams.
|
|
c.
|
The slip of the tongue reflects unconscious desires.
|
|
d.
|
Cognitive processing errors suggest that memories are stored in adjacent areas of the brain.
|
51. Which division of the mind would say, “I can do anything I want to do”?
|
a.
|
ego
|
|
b.
|
real self
|
|
c.
|
superego
|
|
d.
|
id
|
52. According to Freud, the human mind develops in which of the following sequences?
|
a.
|
id, ego, superego
|
|
b.
|
superego, ego, id
|
|
c.
|
ego, id, superego
|
|
d.
|
superego, id, ego
|
53. A student who blames poor test performance on “tricky questions”—rather than admit to poor preparation—is using the defense mechanism of:
|
a.
|
compensation
|
|
b.
|
denial
|
|
c.
|
projection
|
|
d.
|
rationalization
|
54. In order to alleviate anxiety caused by a desire to be sexually promiscuous with women, John decides to become a priest. Freud would say that John has used the defense mechanism of:
|
a.
|
Projection
|
|
b.
|
reaction formation
|
|
c.
|
Displacement
|
|
d.
|
Rationalization
|
55. The capacity for growth, the development of our maximum potential, and the freedom to choose our destiny are all characteristic of:
|
a.
|
psychoanalytic theories
|
|
b.
|
cognitive theories
|
|
c.
|
humanistic theories
|
|
d.
|
social cognitive theories
|
56. Which individual best exemplifies the idea of self-actualization?
|
a.
|
Mary—she feels as if her talents are going to be wasted in life
|
|
b.
|
Larry—he wants to own his business but is unwilling to take the risk
|
|
c.
|
Gary—he fulfilled his dreams of being an educator and now can retire knowing that he put all of his skills and talents to use
|
|
d.
|
Terry—he sees himself moving up the ladder in his position at the factory
|
57. Maslow believed that everyone is motivated by:
|
a.
|
sexual desires
|
|
b.
|
aggressive tendencies
|
|
c.
|
a self-actualizing tendency
|
|
d.
|
personality traits
|
58. According to Carl Rogers, the characteristics you see yourself as having constitute the:
|
a.
|
self
|
|
b.
|
ego
|
|
c.
|
id
|
|
d.
|
cognitive whole
|
59. What would Rogers say to the notion of allowing hospital patients to have their pets visit them?
|
a.
|
He would support it since pets can help patients deal with maladaptive defense mechanisms.
|
|
b.
|
It is a good idea since pets can provide positive regard.
|
|
c.
|
No. Pets are unclean.
|
|
d.
|
Rogers would not support it since he would argue that pets would stress the superego and cause conflict with the ego.
|
60. In what way do the humanistic theories of personality differ from almost every other theory?
|
a.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are basically good.
|
|
b.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are basically bad.
|
|
c.
|
The humanistic theories believe that people are governed by their unconscious mind.
|
|
d.
|
People are motivated to get as much pleasure as they possibly can.
|
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