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Question: You can tell the difference between a planetary nebula and a supernova remnant just by looking at pictures of them; How? What is the main factor that determines which evolutionary path stars take?

27 Oct 2022,5:58 PM

 

Multiple choice questions:

What factor determines whether a star will become a neutron star or a black hole at the end of its life?

  1. MS lifetime      B. density      C. temperature    D. luminosity

 

  1. If the sun were three times as far away, its luminosity as measured on Mars would be:
    1. unchanged      B. three times as much                         C. one-third as much                         D. nine times as much                         E. one- ninth as much
  2. If the sun were three times as far away, its apparent brightness as measured on Mars would be:
    1. unchanged      B. 3 times as much       C. 1/3 as much   D. 9 times as much      E. 1/9 as much
  3. Annie Jump Cannon was an astronomer who categorized which type of object?
    1. Stars      B. Planets      C. Asteroids D. Comets
  4. Cecelia Payne realized that Annie Jump Cannon’s initial categorization was ALSO surprisingly a cate- gorization according to which feature?
    1. Absorption lines      B. Apparent Brightness                   C. Temperature             D. Rate of fusion
  5. Which of the following is closest in size to a neutron star?
    1. a red giant      B. the earth       C. a mouse               D. the island of Manhattan
  6. The process by which the stars maintain an internal balance (i.e. don’t collapse or explode) is called what?
    1. the ideal gas law         B. electrostatic equilibrium                             C. hydrostatic equilibrium                             D. portastatic equilibrium
  7. A planetary nebula is
    1. the remnants of the explosion created by the collapse of the iron core in a massive star                                                                            B. what is left when a white dwarf explodes as a supernova                                                               C. a shell of gas ejected from a star late in its life

D. the cloud from which protostars form

  1. Solar flares and sunspots reach a peak (a.k.a. the solar cycle peak) approximately how often?
    1. Every year       B. Every 10 years       C. Every 10 million years                          D. much longer than any of these!
  2. The electromagnetic radiation being emitted right now by your own personal body peaks in what range?
    1. Radio      B. Infrared      C. Ultraviolet                         D. Gamma
  3. The actual burning of our skin that can be caused by the sun’s light alerts us to the presence of:
    1. UV radiation      B.  X-rays       C. White light                        D. Infrared radiation
  1. Wien’s Law relates the temperature of an object to the color of light it emits most brightly. Using Wien’s Law, we can tell that an object radiating blue light is                                                                  than an object radiating red light.
    1. hotter      B. colder       C. Neither of these        D. Impossible to tell
  2. An object that absorbs all the energy that hits it is called a                                                                          . Stars aren’t perfect ones (nothing is!), but they’re close enough for this to be a good approximation.
    1. blackbody      B. black dwarf      C. black hole                  D. black box
  3. The reasons sunspots appear dark is related to the sun’s magnetic field. Magnetic field lines bunch up and cause which of the following in the sunspot regions:
    1. relatively hot spots   B. relatively cold spots   C. relatively iron-rich spots   D. relatively cloudy spots
  4. In what part of the H-R diagram would blue dwarfs lie (think about the size and temperature of a star that would be a blue dwarf)?
    1. upper left       B.  lower left       C.  upper right                  D. lower right
  5. In which part of the H-R diagram do red giants lie?
    1. upper left      B. lower right      C. upper right                 D. lower right
  6. Stars like the sun probably don’t form iron cores during their evolution because
    1. their gravity isn’t strong enough to hold in heavy elements like iron B. their cores never get hot enough for them to make iron  C.  the iron they make is fused into sciencium   D.  all of their iron gets exploded out into a planetary nebula
  7. Approximately how old is our solar system?
    1. 5 million years      B. 5 billion years C. 5 trillion years D. much longer than any of these!
  8. When does a protostar officially become a star?
    1. after round one       B.  after nuclear fusion begins             C. when it begins to shed its outermost layers

D. after a helium flash

  1. Where does the element gold come from?
    1. Supernova explosions B. Helium flashes  C. Standard main-sequence fusion of very high-mass stars D. Black hole CME’s

 

Short-answer questions:

  1. You can tell the difference between a planetary nebula and a supernova remnant just by looking at pictures of them. How?
  2. What is the main factor that determines which evolutionary path stars take?
  3. Anything can, in theory, become a black hole. Pick an object you can see from where you’re sitting and tell me what would need to happen for this specific lucky object to become a black hole.

 

Expert answer

 

When you look at pictures of planetary nebulae, they tend to be very bright and have very distinct shapes. This is because they are formed when a star expels its outer layers, creating a "shell" of gas and dust around the star. Supernova remnants, on the other hand, are much dimmer and have more diffuse shapes. This is because they are formed when a star explodes, creating an expanding cloud of debris.

 

When you look at pictures of planetary nebulae, they tend to be very bright and have very distinct shapes. This is because they are formed when a star expels its outer layers, creating a "shell" of gas and dust around the star. Supernova remnants, on the other hand, are much dimmer and have more diffuse shapes. This is because they are formed when a star explodes, creating an expanding cloud of debris. A supernova is the explosion of a star, while a planetary nebula is the gaseous remains of a star. In pictures, you can tell the difference between them by their appearance. A supernova looks like a bright, dense ball of gas, while a planetary nebula looks like a ring or shell of gas.

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